AIR FLOTATION DRYERS: A dryer composed of a burner or heat exchanger, ventilator and hood, used to dry paper, pulp, impregnated paper and others web products. AIR TURN:  Used where a wet coated sheet need to change direction without contacting any rolls or cylinders, a cushion of air is created from a static roll, and the sheet follows this a few mm. away from the surface.   ASH:  Residue after paper is burnt. Mineral content as percentage of total basis weight. BASIS WEIGHT - GRAMAGE:  Gross weight of the paper per unit area, typically g/m² (gsm). Beating and REFINING: The fibers are subjected to mechanical action to develop their optimal papermaking properties with respect to the product being made.    BLOW-THROUGH DRYING PROCESS: There are two kinds of drying systems: a hot surface (like the Yankee dryer); and a system using dry steam or hot air that actually blows through the wire. The blow through drying process enabled tissue products like Charmin, because a thicker sheet can be dried in much less time using this process.   BROKE: The paper sheet manufactured out of specification, normally it is re-pulped and used again.   BRIGHTNESS:  Measured as percentage. BULK:  Reciprocal of density - cm³/g. CALENDER SECTION:  The dry final sheet is pressed between metal rolls to reduce thickness (caliper), give an even thickness across the width of the sheet, and also smooth the top and bottom surfaces. CALIPER:  Thickness of one ply of paper, typically measured in microns or mm. CD:  cross direction is right angles to the machine direction. COATERS: Coaters apply separate coatings to paper after the paper sheet has been formed and dried. Coatings are substances put on a finished sheet of paper. They are made in what is called color kitchens. Coaters can make a paper protected or shining, like magazine paper. COLOUR:  L,a,b.  interpretation of lightness and shade. CONDITIONED WEIGHT: Calculated basis weight using a fixed or predicted moisture content, dry weight + fixed moisture weight (typically used in tissue manufacture). CREPING:  Achieved by using a doctor or creping blade to aid release of dried tissue from adhering to the Yankee cylinder. DANDY ROLL: A dandy roll is a roll made of a fine metal mesh that can afix a watermark onto the sheet. DCS:  Distributed control system. DECKLE:  Width of paper on the machine. Deinking: A process in which most of the ink, filler and other extraneous material are removed from printed and/or unprinted recovered paper. The result is a pulp which can be used, along with varying percentages of wood pulp, in the manufacture of new paper, including printing, writing and office papers as well as tissue. DENSITY: g/cm³. Disperger: The process of fragmenting unwanted particles without damaging the wanted pulp fibers. DRY WEIGHT:  Basis weight less water weight. DRAINAGE FOILS: Drainage foils replaced rotating suction rolls, or "table rolls," which were fairly inefficient. Drainage foils are tapered foils placed under the wire at a slight angle so that when the wire runs over them at high speeds, a suction is created and the water from the wet stock is sucked through the wire into the foils. DRYER SECTION:  Most of the remaining water is evaporated and fiber bonding develops as the paper contacts a series of steam heated cylinders. DRYER HOOD: A covering over the whole or part of the drier section of the paper machine or coating unit which serves to collect the hot FILLERS: The addition of minerals to fill the voids between the fibers. Fines:  Very small fibers and fibers fragment. FLASH TANK:  A vessel used to lower the pressure on steam condensate causing the hot condensate to evaporate, or flash to steam, and separate the remaining liquid. The steam can be re-used in the system and the condensate can be returned to the boiler. Flotation cell:  A part of the de-inking process, millions of tiny air bubbles are injected into the cleaned pulp, the free ink particles attach FLOTATION DRYER:  Non contacting dryer used in coating applications, drying is achieved by passing sheet between two hoods where hot dry air is impinged onto the sheet and the moisture is evaporated and removed by an air system. FORMATION: Interpretation of how fibers are distributed in the sheet. FORMING TABLE:  An arrangement of a moving mesh (known as a wire) running between a breast roll and couch roll passing over a sequence of foils and vacuum elements, objective is to receive the diluted stock from the headbox, start the process of removing water but retaining the pulp fibers which starts forming a paper sheet, also to cause sufficient turbulence to ensure an even formation of the fibers throughout the FOURDRINIER PAPER MACHINE: A papermaking machine invented by the Frenchman, Nicolas Louis Robert in 1798, developed in England by Brian Donkin for Henry and Sealy Fourdrinier, but not placed into operation until 1804. The Fourdrinier Paper Machine was the first papermaking machine to make continuous paper. Prior to this machine, paper was made in single separate sheets. FURNISH: The combination of different pulp types required to manufacture different grades of paper. GLOSS:  Measured as percentage. Hardwood: Wood from trees of the angiosperm class, usually with broad leaves and deciduous in temperate zones. Hardwood  fibers are short in relationship to softwood fibers. HEADBOX: The vessel used to properly distribute the fiber and fillers across the paper machine web. (2) On Fourdrinier machines: A large flow control chamber which receives the dilute paper stock of furnish from the stock preparation system and, by means of baffles and other flow evening devices, maintains sufficient agitation of the mixture to prevent flocculation of the fibers, spreads the flow evenly to the full width of the paper machine and provides delivery of stock to the Fourdrinier wire uniformly across its full width. The height of the liquid in an open head box or the air pressure in a closed head box provides the requisite speed of flow of the stock onto the Fourdrinier wire. The present design trend for high-speed machines is to enclose head boxes. (3) On cylinder machines: A flow-regulating device which controls the volume of stock flowing to the screens and mixing boxes upstream of the vats. HOT CALENDER : Using heated calender rolls, starts to plasticize the surface fibers, thus improving gloss and smoothness properties. HYDRAPULPER: A Hydrapulper, originally known as the Cowles Pulper (invented by Edwin Cowles), is a machine that rehydrates sheets of dry pulp, pulps up recycled papers, and otherwise mixes and blends paper stock with water to create the desired slush of pulp stock. It is used in almost every paper mill. INFRARED DRYERS:  Special application - can use either gas-fired or electric supplementary IR dryers. IR is a non-contacting drying process for immobilizing wet coating applications to prevent problems when the web makes contact with steam drying cylinder, IR can also be used at the end of the paper machine for final sheet moisture profile control. JANUS CALENDER: A variation of the supercalender mounted at 45 degrees but located on the paper machine before the reel. JET/WIRE RATIO (EFFLUX RATIO):  Ratio of speed of the stock to the speed of the wire, important for achieving desired sheet formation, inverse is rush-drag. MD:  Machine direction or forward movement on the paper making machine. MG CYLINDER: Similar to Yankee, but used on other grades of paper, stands for Machine Glaze, the sheet in contact with one large hot dryer for a long dwell time will start to slip and plasticize the surface fibers, improving gloss & glazed properties on one side of the paper, e.g. manila envelopes. MOISTURE CONTROL: A process to influence the moisture variance across the sheet (CD direction) by means of equally spaced actuators. This can be performed either by manual adjustment of the actuator zones or a closed loop control algorithm MOISTURE CONTENT:  Water weight measured as a percentage of total basis weight MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE: Municipal solid wastes are the waste product collected as garbage, usually consisting of 30% paper. NIP: The nip is the place of intersection where one roll touches another. For example, the place at the end of the wire where the stock is picked up by the felt is a nip. OPACITY:  Measured as percentage. PITCH: A resin-like material in wood pulp. POCKET VENTILATOR: Device for controlling an injection of air in a drying pocket of the rotatable drying cylinders. PROFILE: Graph showing variations in CD properties. PRESS SECTION:  the sheet is conveyed through a series of presses where additional water is removed and the web is consolidated (i.e., the fibers are forced into intimate contact). Pulping:  Is the process where the dry pulp is dispersed into water to form a slush or slurry. The operation can be either batch or continuous. The operation is usually continuous, but some pulps are still treated batch-wise. QCS: Quality control system, requires sensors mounted on a continuously scanning frame to measure, display and control various MD and CD properties, e.g., basis weight, moisture, ash and caliper. QCS is available for different industries including rubber, plastic and metals, as well as paper industry. REEL:  Final part of the paper machine requires dried paper to be wound onto a reel or spool, with the facility to remove the reel when full, also transferring the paper sheet to a new empty reel, all as a continuous process. RE-WETTING / RE-MOISTURIZING: Special application - controlled spraying of hot atomized condensate water onto a partly dry sheet within the drying section, aim is to eliminate dry streaks and create an even moisture profile at the reel. SIZE PRESS: A dried sheet is passed through a wet press where size is added for improved sheet properties, the now wet sheet requires drying a second time.  SOFT CALENDER : Variation on the on machine calender where paper is passed between one hard roll and one soft covered roll, then one soft and one hard roll, this has the advantage of minimizing bulk loss while still achieving smoothness properties on both sides of the paper. STOCK: Stock is a mixture of water and paper fiber. It can be made of wood pulp, cloth fiber, or a mixture of any cellulose and fibrous material. Most paper is made from wood pulp. SUPERCALENDER: Additional process after the paper machine, supercalender consists of a series of rolls arranged vertically, consisting of alternate hard and soft rolls (compressed fibrous material). Typically is used to develop smoothness and gloss in such products as coated and uncoated high-quality printing papers. SUCTION BOX:  Box inside a suction roll for the purpose of water removal by means of vacuum. A device at the wet end of the machine which removes water from the paper web. It is located under the wire and removes water by means of a vacuum pump. Shives:  Small bundles of fibers that have not been separated completely in the pulping operation. themselves to these bubbles and float to the surface where it is skimmed off and removed. Softwood:  Cone bearing trees, since they normally keep their needles or leaves the entire year, they are referred to as evergreens.  Softwood fibers are long in relationship to hardwood fibers. spray dampener:  Equipment to drop micro water particles over the web to increase paper moisture level and control moisture profile. STEAMSHOWER: Equipment installed on forming table or within the press section before a press nip, works by raising the temperature of the sheet and its inbound water, resulting in dewatering and press efficiencies. STEAMBOX: Same steam shower STICKIES:  Large non-fiber contraries in the sheet. TAIL FEEDING: Process of threading a narrow sheet through the paper machine from forming table to the reel at full machine speed, before establishing a full width sheet, using a combination of ropes, air-jets and vacuum conveyors, depending on speed and configuration of the paper machine. THERMOCOMPRESSOR: Thermodynamic device to create vacuum and used to dynamically compress low pressure steam. THROUGH DRYER (TAD):  Sometimes used in tissue and similar grades where bulk cannot be sacrificed, the through dryer replaces a conventional press for water removal, hot dry air is passed through the voids in the sheet TRIM SQUIRTS: Adjustable position water jets cutting the edge of the sheet to the desired width at the forming or press section. TREND: Graph showing variation in MD properties relative to time. VACUUM BOXES (FLAT BOXES):  rectangular boxes with a perforated top over which the stock passes. Water is removed by the vacuum applied to the boxes. Virgin pulp / fibers:  Pulp / fibers from trees WASTE PAPER: Waste paper refers to recycled paper that cannot be used as the surface of the sheet. It is usually the inside layer of a 3 layer sheet. WHITE WATER:  Drained water from the papermaking process contains short fibers, fines and fillers, and is fed back into the process. WINDER:  (also known as re-winder) the first part of the conversion process after the paper machine, the reel of paper is unwound and rewound under tension, also trimmed at edges to give a clean cut, options include slitting into custom width reels, all depending on conversion to final product.   YANKEE DRYERS: Yankee dryers are a single large dryer at the end of the paper machine. They are used for making thin sheets, like toilet tissue and machine glazed paper. The Yankee is really a large can heated to a very high temperature, dry steam inside and air heated on the outside. It replaced many dryers with a single, larger one, usually 300 inches wide and about 10 feet in diameter. YANKEE CYLINDER:  Single large diameter drying cylinder used in tissue and towel products.  ZONE CONTROL VALVE:  The zone control valve in the Automat steam-shower is used to adjust the amount of steam per profile control chamber. They are fabricated integrally in stainless steel.